Modern Physics>
Pez Mexican
Monty: No trouble. If you double the temperature in Kelvin, you double the
volume (if all other variables are held constant) ONLY IN AN IDEAL SITUATION.
The relation to which I'm sure you refer is the Ideal Gas Equation of State and
the only gas that follows this relation is an Ideal Gas; a fictional, model
gas. There are many other equations of state that more accuratly predict the
actions of real gasses. For instance: Van der Waals Eq (the most commonly
used), Beattie-Bridgeman Eq, Benedict-Webb-Rubin Eq, and Virial Eq. Your "By
the way" refers to another of the many definitions of absolute zero. The
novelty of the Kelvin scale arises in its utility (mostwise thermodynamically).
My "Also" was directed at a past message which related that absolute zero was
the point at which matter was without energy. They didn't refer to kenetic
energy. Nor did I. Without energy there is no matter, for matter is energy.
While matter without kinetic energy (a very odd statement in relative terms)
would simply be very cold matter.
Allen Larson
RE nicad batteries: When I charge my camcorder batteries, I don't rec-charge them until they are out of power. I'm now on my second set, the first having crapped out and want to keep the new ones around longer. Do I want to drain them fairly promptly (e.g. leave camcorder on VTR mode until goes off) when I'm not gonna use it for a while?
Another modemer
I think that nicads can be retrained by cycling them (fully charging then discharging fully) 2-3 times. More modern ones have molybdnum (sp?) added & don't get that memory effect (as much?) Or buy a gel cell!
Nighthawk
I've heard about the memory effect while dealing with Physio control Defibrilator packs... I talked to several professionals in the electronic field since about the matter and the most committed comment I could ever get was "I've never seen an indication of memories in nicad batteries" I do keep in mind though, that the defib. packs are still fully drained before recharging in most Fire Departments and King County Medic One rigs as a matter of Dept. policy.
hmmm...Go Figure :}
Ron House
INteresting...
Bob Hennings
If you get a chance, read the article in this month's QST magazine on NiCad batteries. The memory theory about NiCads is a myth. they don't have a 'memory' but they will reach a point where they wont take a full charge. Also, you should *never* fully discharge a NiCad. The cells could reverse, or if they are shorted to discharge them fully they could gas off hydrogen and either explode or completly lose all electrolyte and die.
Monty
Pez Mexican: Sorry to have disputed your knowledge! I thank you for pointing out my errors, as I am only a lowly high school chemistry student and the only gas law we have been introduced to is the Ideal Gas Law, I went on that basis alone.
Jon Lusky
I wasn't aware that NiCads contained hydrogen... I've used NiHyds (Nickel hydrogen) batteries before, and they had charge and discharge curves similar to NiCads. They also had no memory, weren't hurt by complete discharge (we had 24 of them submerged in dirty water for three months), and accidentally tried to charge eigth of them backwards for 5 hours (never let a EE grad student play with electricity!). No damage... all oftheabove batteries were subsequently used for a Orlando to Detroit trek in a solar/electric powered car.
Night Hawk
Those of us that like to play with expensive RC cars as toys to smash up and rebuild usually try to get a full charge on our bat's - then make sure they're all the way decharged if you're not going to use them... the rule is, all the way up, or all the way down, not in the middle...
Scorpion
Or even cheap ones. I have a Tyco that has been stomped on, kicked, run over with a bike, had dogs try to eat it and run into walls, and it's still running great. My battery only lasts about 15 min but I haven't seen any decrece in power output. I just run it at full speed unitl it won't move anymore.
Harlock
Why does tapping on a coke can reduce the pressure inside?
Sassy 1
Hmmm...... good question.
Napoleon
It doesn't.
Captain James T Kirk
I don't think it dose... My sister dose that, anoys the hell out of me... tap tap tap tap tap tap tap... on andon andon...
Scorpion
It supposedly gets the CO2 to disolve into the pop or something like that.
Monty
it's just the time you spend tapping gives the liquid time to dissolve the CO2
Harlock
So that's just a myth?
John R. Dempsey
Ok, wait. This memory effect is just a myth? Really?
stderr
Maybe it does nothing and is just a rumor someone once started. (And if now laughing....)
stderr
Spaceport RoundTable
Category 5, Topic 3
Message 146 Fri Feb 14, 1992
FRANK.REDDY [Frank] at 00:43 EST
And speaking of bibliographies . . . . Note particularly the book reviews at
the end.
FR
=================================================================
COLD NUCLEAR FUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Additions 27-Jan. 1992
Dieter Britz alias britz@kemi.aau.dk
Total in Section 2: 649
1. Books
^^^^^^^^
-----------------------------------------------------------------
none
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2. Published articles, letters
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Arnikar HJ; Ind. J. Chem. Sci. 4 (1990) 65.
"'Cold fusion' - a misnomer". ** A recital of the author's belief that there
is no cold fusion.
There may be chemisorption or occlusion of electrolytically
produced deuterium, both of which are exothermic and yield at
most 10 eV, not 0.5 MeV as required for fusion. So fusion cannot
be happening. As well, there ought to be helium, neutrons and
gammas, and there is no good evidence for these. Ergo, nix.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Britz D; J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 155 (1991) 377.
"Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements". ** Besides listing some
of those few cold fusion experiments in
which correlations between different measured parameters were
found, the author looks closely at the paper of Birgul et al,
which clearly shows some remarkably correlated gamma emissions
and cell temperature; Birgul et al do not seem to make much of
this. Britz calculates the cross correlation function and finds a
peak of 0.34 at a lag of 16 min, i.e. the temperature tends to
lead gamma emissions by 16 minutes on average. No explanation is
offered. Aug-91/Dec-91
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Davidonis R, Duskesas G, Kalinauskas R, Makarinunas K, Petrauskas J,
Remeiskis V, Ruzele B; Litovskii Fiz. Sbornik 30(6) (1990) 65.
Original: Liet. Fiz. Rinkinys 30(6) (1990) 727 (in Russian). "An
experimental evaluation of the probability of cold fusion". ** In May and
June 1989, a cold fusion experiment was run in the
Institute of Physics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, and
this is a report. A quartz cell with cooling jacket was used for
the electrolysis, using the usual 0.1 M LiOD, and a Ti or Pd rod,
8 mm dia., 40 mm long. Heat was measured as the difference in
temperature between the outlet and inlet of the coolant, which
entered at 10 degC. This was calibrated using a resistive heater
in the cell. The cell was placed in a plastic scintillator well
for neutron counting (by proton recoil), and a gamma spectrometer
recorded gammas using a NaI crystal. 10 cm of Pb shielding was
used to reduce the background. Several measurement series were
carried out, at 0.1 and 0.5 A/cm**2, for both Pd and Ti cathodes,
and a duration of 24-72 hours. The results show that the upper
limit for fusion was 5 orders of magnitude below that reported by
FPH-89. Also, the 27-fold tritium increase in the electrolyte (no
details given how this was measured) was in line with
electrolytic enrichment considerations. Dec-89/?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rees LB, Dautovich DP, Linford RK, Thomassen KI; J. Fusion Energy
10 (1991) 111. "Panel discussion. Cold fusion: What do we know?
What do we think?". ** This is a number of short items by the authors,
individually,
arising from a panel discussion. Rees discusses the possibilities
and problems of muon catalysed cold fusion, and Palmer's
geological clues to possible fusion in the Earth, namely the
anomalous helium ratios and tritium in the atmosphere, from
volcanoes. This led to the well known Jones+ work, and Rees gives
some of the background here. As possible explanation,
piezonuclear fusion (which would not prodcue bursts) and
fractofusion (Rees mentions only US work and ignores the
Russians). FPH's results are considered doubtful by Rees.
Dautovich accounts for Canadian work in the area. D singles out
the work of Bockris et al, of the Huggins group, Jones et al and
Scaramuzzi et al, as the significant results that might be
convincing. Linford gives a standard rundown of what is known
(one week after the Santa Fe conference) and offers some
tentative explanations such as reduced lattice spacing or
fractofusion. Thomassen notes that the excess heat and neutron
emissions may not be related, and this may be a case of
pathological science, but does give credit to the excess heats of
Srinivasan and Appleby, and of the Huggins group, who did not
correct for the heat of water electrolysis, so are independent of
the recombination question. ?/Mar-91
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Sobkowski J; Wiad. Chem. 44 (1990) 587 (in Polish).
"Cold fusion - facts and opinions". ** The author was apparently asked by the
journal editor to write
this review, shortly after a cold fusion conference in Poland in
May 1989. This review was submitted in February 1990, and is a
summary of the field, without much in the way of contribution by
the author himself. The problems raised by cnf are described,
such as the branching ratio, and some of the motivation
background is mentioned (the alleged anomalous (3)He/(4)He ratio
in the atmosphere, in some metals etc). Some of the possible ways
to detect cold fusion are named such as neutron and gamma
detection. There is a detailed description of the Jones+ and FPH
work, and the critical papers of Keddam, Horanyi, Kreysa and
others. Supporting work is also included, such as works
suggesting the (4)He branch, and the quiet dissipation as heat of
the 24 MeV released from that branch. The author concludes that
cold fusion will continue to live for some time, but that
practical applications are unlikely. Feb-90/?
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3. Patents
^^^^^^^^^^
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none
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4. Commentary
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Bauer HH; J. Sci. Exploration 4 (1991) 267.
Book review: "Too Hot to Handle: The Race for Cold Fusion". ** Electrochemist
and science philosopher HH Bauer reviews Frank
Close's book. While it compares well with the "pot boiler" by
Peat, it appears to have major failings. For example, Close does
not know the stature of Fleischmann, and does not explain some
things of importance such as FPH's derivation of the famous
fugacity of 1E27 (HHB does not mention that this is itself a
doubtful concept). As for the sections of the book of a science-
philosophical nature, HHB considers them very weak, and suggests
a separate book on the subject. There are complaints (not for the
first time) about the proofreading and editing of the book.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Garwin RL; Science 254 (1991) 1394 (29-Nov).
Book review: "Fire from Ice". ** Garwin reviews Eugene Mallove's book at some
length. Garwin
makes a hobby of debunking false claims and has scored in the
areas of gravity waves and polywater. He stresses here that
experimental results are of primary importance, which Mallove
also says in defense of cold fusion in the face of its
theoretical rejection. However, the experiments cited by Mallove
are found, on closer examination, to be inconclusive. Garwin
writes that cold fusion may, after all, be an example of
pathological science.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Lewenstein B; Publ. Underst. Sci. 1 (1992) 132. Book Review: "Too
Hot to Handle: The Story of the Race for Cold Fusion"
stderr
will be pleased to read.
BL considers the book timely and clearly written by a
professional but complains of wordiness, repetition and
stderr
Does some have a filter that would read in ordinary text and output it in a format that could be uploaded to Cits?
Napoleon
Harlock, yes.
Monty
is superfluid helium a liquid or the fifth state of matter?
Steve Baxter
By superfluid, Monty, do you mean at about 1 degree K ? Where it seems to ignore gravity?
Monty
yes, i haven't heard that it ignores gravity, but that it loses ALMOST all of it's viscosity
Dernhelm
I work daily with a portable hand held terminal that is powered by Ni-Cads. They run for 8 hours a day and then charged for 16. (at the end of the week we let them drain completely and install new batteries on Monday.) The folks that do not change batteries on a weekly basis find the terminal is 'tits' up after 9 hours work in a day.
mike thomas
because it doesn't.
Steve Baxter
It loses almost all viscosity. So it will flow up the sides of a container.
Chevelair De'Guise
bizarre
Monty
yeah, that's the stuff, so, is it the fifth state of matter or not? it's got too many strange properties to be classified only as a liquid, but does it have enough to be a whole new state of matter?
Spur
Anyone feel like educating us masses about this superliquid stuff? What abnormal properties does it have?
Shane
please tell.
Thought
My guess would be that it does qualify as a fifth state.
Monty
it's helium cooled to 2.17 K, at that temperature, the electrons 'orbiting' the nucleus 'freeze' together to form a sort of pseudo-boson. if you stir a glass of coffee, and take out the stick you were stirring with, eventually it , the coffee, will stop swirling around, with superfluid helium, it won't stop swirling for a VERY long time, because it has lost all it's viscosity.
Spur
then that's not really a special property at all... it's just a great loss of viscosity. right?
stderr
my first laptop had lead acid batteries. worked really well.
Monty
Thought> that's the way i was thinking too, but i want to know if it goes directly from a liquid to superfluidity instead of becoming a solid, or is there a breif moment when there is a solid, or is it just classified as a liquid
Spur
And what special properties qualify it as being unlike all other states?
Isis
What is the fourth state?
Dernhelm
Helium II is still a liquid even though it seems to violate gravity and behaves in other odd ways.
Not having full access to the thread I assume that by the states of matter we are discussing Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma. (or more commonly stated, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire.)
Roya
Does anyone know anything more about Aerogels?
Captain James T Kirk
Hmm, nope, i haven't heard anything about them, other than the one that can hold up a cuple onces...They look cool...
Scorpion
I have/had a scientific american article about areogels
Monty
Isis> plasma is the fourth state, it happens when you heat a substance over 10 million or so degrees celsius. it's not dense at all, far less so than a gas, and they hold it in place by using strong magnetic fields. scientistdiscovered it when looking for nuclear fussion
Isis
oh okay...
Roya
Scorpion-really? i had one in a Discover magazine... yeah, they look neat. they're supposed to feel like cotton candy. and hold about 100 times their own weight... really neat.
Captain James T Kirk
hmm, scorp, which month/year???
Shane
but wouldn't that fourth state still be a gas? I just can't see how it's any different really...
Isis
I kinda can, but I can't see how this "super liquid" is a 5th state...
Scorpion
Audin> I don't know, I'll dig it out of my magazine graveyard and scrape the dust off...
Shane
the fourth would still be a gas, just with the molecules spread out further.
Monty
no, there are other properties, i just don't know them, it is a fourth state, something happens to the electrons of the atoms at that high of a temperature
Captain James T Kirk
Well, i can see that if the electrons where almost forzen still, that would probably put it in another state...
Thought
It would probably depend upon the element in question, Monty... As you know, all elements have different melting points, so reason would tell us that they would have different "superfluidity" points, too....
Harlock
Merlin had this insight into the soda can question:
Tapping the can knocks bubbles loose from the sides so they rise to the top where they can expand when the can is openned without spewing out coke.
Spur
plasma is almost like another form of matter. When you heat a gas enough that it loses all of it's electrons, then all you have is protons and neutrons. That is what plasma is. Protons.
Captain James T Kirk
PLasma is also highly energetic...
Napoleon
He's right too. Also, when they are loose as a gas at the top, they can resaturate into the soda.
Steve Baxter
Monty> I think I remember that it is a liquid while it is superfluid. Another degree cooler and it is supposed to become solid.
Steve Baxter
Thought> Are you saying all elements have a superfluid point?
Monty
i doubt that is possible, only helium (and maybe neon) have melting points so low that their electrons will bond together to form the pseudo-bosons necessary for superfluidity. any other element would already be a solid by the time it had reached the temperature necessary for superfluidity.
Steve> I agree with you, it should still be classified a liquid, no matter what strange properties it may have.
Spur
that's probably because of the high enough energy you need to soak into it to get rid of all it's electrons!
Captain James T Kirk
Yup... makes sence...
Roya
Scorp-Thanks for the article.. that was cool..
Scorpion
Roya> Sure
ETHAN WALKER
noiprocS....sohw taht? eht kcalB noillatS? wan.....pmuwguM "eht taerg"
Allen Larson
I gotta question that came up today: Everyone knows how dangerous a flooded, fast moving creek or river is, that the common knowledge is that the currents pull you under and you drown. The question is why? Is it that the lower levels of water are typically slower (because of underbruch etc.) that sort of "trips" you underwater and drowns you? In other words, why is it so hard to stay afloat and breathe?
Blade Runner
About the soda pop. THAT"S EXACTLY WHAT I SAID!! when it was first brought up... nobody listened..... sniff.... I'm just ignored.. Merlin knows cause he's Coca-Cola junkie!!! hehe
Monty
Dernhelm> thank's for the answer, cleared up a lot of stuff for me
ETHAN WALKER
wen moor, enim, won.
Spur
doesn't seem like this superfluid is really THAT special, it just has uncommon characteristics. It ignores gravity because it is less dense than air. It's the same thing as wood floating on water. (i assume, anyways)
Pez Mexican
Monty, Pseudo-bosons???
ETHAN WALKER
tog a repmuts rof uoy lla....yhw seod enahS evah S.M.P. smotpmys neve ghuoht eh si ton a lrig?..............pmuwguM "the great"
Spur
ah, but how do you know he's a male-type? you ever seen any proof? trust me on this one, i know what i'm talking about.
Oyra
hmm... i'm trying to remember if i had learned anything about undercurrents... hmm...
Monty
Pez> That's what my little book says! Got a whole page and a half about the stuff, so don't take it up with me, talk to John Gribbon.
Monty
Spur> superfluid helium is not less dense, it ignores gravity because as it spins, it picks up velocity and climbs up the sides of the contain.
Modern Physics> _